The amount of expansion is due largely to the type of exchangeable cation contained in the sample.
2.
The presence of sodium as the predominant exchangeable cation can result in the clay swelling to several times its original volume.
3.
Stilbite shows a wide variation in exchangeable cations : silicon and aluminium ions occupy equivalent sites and can substitute for each other.
4.
The exchangeable cations don t control the formation of paulingite because variations of localities have different percentages to elements e . g.
5.
From these studies he issued a bulletin with Prince and Malcolm in 1945 that tentatively proposed an'ideal soil'ratio where the proportions of exchangeable cations were 65 % Ca, 10 % Mg, 5 % K and 20 % H . They confirmed their hypothesis with further experiments in 1948 ( published with Toth ).
6.
The study suggested burning reduces " Sphagnum " moss growth and the density of macroinvertebrates which play a vital role in aquatic food webs by feeding on algae, microbes and detritus at the base of food chains before they themselves are consumed by birds, fish and amphibians and that it reduces the water content of the upper layers of peat which results in the peat being less able to retain exchangeable cations which are important for plant growth and resist acid rain.
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